Attenuators

RF attenuators are passive two-port devices that reduce the power level of a signal without significantly distorting its waveform. They are fundamental components in RF and microwave test systems, used to protect sensitive receiver inputs, establish precise signal levels for calibration, and extend the dynamic range of test setups. Fixed attenuators provide a single attenuation value, while step and programmable attenuators allow variable control — making them ideal for automated test environments and signal chain calibration.

Coaxial attenuators are available in standard impedance values of 50 Ω and 75 Ω, with power ratings from fractions of a watt to hundreds of watts for high-power applications. Frequency coverage ranges from DC to beyond 50 GHz in precision models. They are critical elements in vector network analyzer (VNA) calibration kits, signal generator output conditioning, and spectrum analyzer front-end protection. Attenuator sets such as the Keysight 11581A, 11582A, and 11583C are commonly used in production and laboratory environments for systematic impedance and level calibration.

Typical Applications

Receiver sensitivity testing by presenting precise low-level signals to device inputs
Signal generator output level control for calibrated test stimuli
Protecting spectrum analyzer and oscilloscope inputs from overdrive damage
Impedance matching and return loss improvement in RF signal chains
Attenuator matrix configurations in automated test equipment (ATE)

Popular Brands

Keysight Technologies offers a comprehensive portfolio of coaxial attenuators, including the 11581A, 11582A, and 11583C attenuator sets covering frequencies to 18 GHz and beyond, as well as the 11713A attenuator/switch driver for programmable configurations. Tektronix attenuators such as the 011-0225-00 are designed for compatibility with oscilloscope probing systems. Both manufacturers supply attenuators meeting MIL-spec and commercial grade standards for laboratory and production environments.